King Philip III of Spain and Portugal, crowned on this day in 1598, was virtuous in his private affairs but indifferent as a ruler and extravagant in his spending, exacerbating Spain's growing economic problems.
| 1943: | | | Chiang Kai-shek (Chiang Chung-cheng) became president of China. |
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| 1886: | | | African American educator, writer, and philosopher Alain Locke, remembered as the leader and chief interpreter of the Harlem Renaissance, was born. |
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| 1857: | | Milton Snavely Hershey, founder of the Hershey Chocolate Company, was born in Pennsylvania. |
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| 1759: | | British forces defeated the French in the Battle of Quebec. |
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| 1515: | | Swiss mercenaries attacked the French position near Marignano; the next day they were defeated by French and Italian troops, giving rise to Switzerland's policy of neutrality. |
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