In the mid-19th century the French tried to establish a permanent presence in Mexico. On May 5, 1862, a small army of Mexican soldiers defeated a much stronger French army sent by Emperor Napoleon III. This event was called the battle of Puebla. The French later returned to the city of Puebla, but Mexico eventually defeated the French completely in 1867. In that year General Porfirio Díaz captured Puebla from the French army.

Cinco de Mayo is not associated with Mexican independence, which was declared in 1810. However, the holiday has turned into a festival that celebrates the spirit of the Mexican people. It is a national holiday in Mexico and is celebrated with many political speeches, parades and reenactments of the battle of Puebla.

In the United States, Cinco de Mayo is often observed by people of Mexican descent. In fact, the holiday has become a festive celebration of the heritage of Mexican-American people. In many cities there are parades and festivities featuring Mexican music, dancing, culture, and food. Some of these events continue for several days each year.