More than 20 kings of France have been named Louis. This article discusses the some of the most notable French kings who bore the name. Clovis(466?–511). Clovis was the founder of the kingdom of the Franks, which dominated Western Europe in the early Middle Ages. His was the ancient form of the name that became Louis in French, Ludwig in German, and Luis in Spanish. He ruled from 481 until his death in 511. Louis the Pious(778–840). Louis the Pious is generally known as Louis I. The son of Charlemagne, Louis I succeeded his father in 814 as king of the Franks and Holy Roman emperor. The great empire built up by Charlemagne was divided after Louis I died in 1840, and the next four rulers of this name left little mark on the course of history. Louis IX(1214–70). The faith and heroism of Louis IX won him sainthood in the Roman Catholic church. Louis' acts of piety included wearing a haircloth shirt, fasting, and waiting on lepers. He was a strong ruler who greatly strengthened royal power. During his reign, which began in 1226, Louis IX reformed the government and the law system. He also encouraged the people to appeal to him if the nobles or his officials were acting unjustly. St. Louis is called the Crusader king because he led two Crusades to capture the Holy Land back from the Muslims. Louis died from the plague while on his second Crusade. Louis XIV(1638–1715). Louis XIV began his reign as a boy, in 1643, and ruled for 72 years. He ruled France at the high point of its power and was known as the Sun King for the wealth and splendor of his court at Versailles. He remains the symbol of absolute monarchy, a system in which the monarch holds all state power. Louis XIV possessed an overwhelming desire to increase French territory. His efforts to increase the size of France prompted him to embark on a series of long and costly wars against the Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium), Holland, and Spain. To pay for these wars Louis XIV taxed the French population heavily. Many historians today trace the origins of the French Revolution to the financial troubles that developed under the reign of Louis XIV. Louis XVI(1754–93). Despite political tensions and social unrest, the monarchy continued. Louis XVI, who took the throne in 1774, was a socially awkward man who lacked the political skill and strategy to maintain peace in France. His queen, Marie Antoinette, was generally hated by the French people. The weakness of the government and mounting social problems eventually triggered the French Revolution. Louis and his family attempted to flee the country soon after the outbreak of revolution. But the family, including the king and his son, Louis XVII, was captured and executed soon afterward. Louis XVIII(1755–1824). The French monarchy was revived in 1814 under Louis XVIII, who was the younger brother of Louis XVI. For the most part, Louis XVIII was a weak and ineffectual leader. He was deposed by his brother, Charles X. Louis-Philippe(1773–1850). The last king of France named Louis was Louis-Philippe, who ruled from 1830 to 1848. Louis-Philippe was known as the Citizen King for his democratic ideas, but his government was not democratic. Popular demands for a more liberal government were not met during his rule and eventually led to popular uprisings. Louis-Philippe fell from power during the Revolution of 1848. |