(1856–1918), Russian political leader, born in Gudalkova, Russia; founder of Russian Marxist movement; attended Voronezh Military Academy, St. Petersburg's Konstantinovskoe Military School, and the Mining Institute; left without graduating to devote himself to populist revolutionary movement; in 1877 became leader of Land and Freedom organization until it turned to terrorism; left Russia in 1880 to avoid arrest and lived abroad, mostly in Geneva, until 1917 Russian Revolution; opposed the Bolshevik government and went into exile again; published ‘Socialism and Political Struggle' (1883) and ‘Our Differences' (1885).