During the 19th and early 20th centuries there were three wars between Afghanistani fighters and British forces in India. The origin of the wars lay in the weakness of the Afghan state. The nation had become independent in the mid-18th century, but local chieftains attempted to establish their own power against the government. The British, who were consolidating their hold on India, wanted a strong Afghanistan between Persia and Russia. The first Afghan War (1839–42) started when the ruler of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan, refused to make an alliance with the British. The British invaded the country and restored a former king, Shah Shoja?, to the throne. Local uprisings throughout the country eventually drove the British out, and Dost Mohammad returned as ruler in 1843. The second Afghan War (1878–80) was prompted by the refusal of Afghanistan's ruler, Shir ?Ali Khan, to accept a British mission in the capital of Kabul, when he had already accepted a Russian mission. The British armies again invaded. Shir ?Ali fled, leaving his son, Ya?qub Khan, as regent. He made peace on British terms in May 1879, but the murder of the British envoy in Kabul a few months later caused a renewal of hostilities. The British occupied Kabul, and Ya?qub Khan was forced to abdicate. In July 1880 the British recognized ?Abdor Rahman Khan, grandson of Dost Mohammad, as ruler at Kabul. The British then helped ?Abdor Rahman fend off an attempt by Ayub Khan, the brother of Ya?qub Khan, to take over the government. British forces evacuated Afghanistan in 1880, and ?Abdor Rahman was able to establish peace and a strong central government. The British controlled foreign affairs, however, until 1919, when the third Afghan War established full Afghan independence. |