(1788–1856), French socialist and founder of communal settlement, born in Dijon; teacher, lawyer, revolutionary, and political exile; published ‘Voyage en Icarie' (1840), setting forth theories for ideal community; tried to put ideas into practice by going with several hundred followers to New Orleans (1848–49); purchased settlement at Nauvoo, Ill., and led 280 settlers there to start Icaria; Icaria was unable to put many ideas into practice, and its population never exceeded 1,800; left with 180 followers for St. Louis in 1856 when dissension arose; other colonies of Icarians est. in Calif. and Iowa.