(1902–85), French historian. Fernand Braudel was one of the great historiographers of the 20th century. Born in Luméville, France, Braudel studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. He taught in Algiers (1924–32), Paris (1932–35), and Brazil (1935–37) before joining the faculty of the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris. His first major work was the two-volume ‘The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II' (1949), which he wrote while in a prisoner-of-war camp in Germany during World War II. Braudel's other outstanding work was the three-volume ‘Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century' (1968, 1979). (See also History.)