Andrianov was born in Vladimir, Russian S.F.S.R., on Nov. 14, 1952. His interest in gymnastics began in 1964 when he went to visit a friend at a local gym. Andrianov started training as a gymnast at the age of 12, much later than most athletes start training.

At the 1971 European Championships, Andrianov was a late substitute for another gymnast. He placed third in the all-around competition and took home a total of six medals in his international debut. During his career, he won eight gold, six silver, and two bronze medals at the European Championships.

Andrianov won his first World Championships gold medal in 1974 for his performance on the rings. Also at that competition, he became the first gymnast to do a triple somersault dismount from the high bar. He introduced the double straight salto on the floor exercise at the 1977 World Championships. In 1978, Andrianov took the all-around title and placed first on the rings. As a member of the victorious Soviet team, he added another gold medal to his collection in 1979.

Andrianov competed in his first Olympic Games in 1972 in Munich, West Germany. He won three medals at those games, including a gold in the floor exercise. At the 1976 games in Montreal, Que., Andrianov took the all-around title. He also earned gold medals in three individual events: the rings, the floor exercise, and the vault. He repeated as the vaulting champion at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and also received a gold medal as a member of the Soviet team, which scored the most total points. During his three Olympic competitions, Andrianov won a total of seven gold, five silver, and three bronze medals.

Andrianov retired after the 1980 games, having received 28 world and Olympic medals during his career. He and his wife, fellow Soviet gymnast Liubov Burda, opened a gymnastics school.