(1079–1142). Of all the teachers in the cathedral schools of Notre Dame, which were the forerunners of the University of Paris, Peter Abelard was the favorite. The eldest son of a minor lord in Brittany, he had forsaken the life of a noble to be a scholar. He studied in various schools in France. At the age of 22 he became a master and teacher and soon moved to Paris. Skilled in theology, he was especially brilliant in logic. Students flocked to hear him, and learned men everywhere read handwritten copies of his book ‘Sic et Non' (Yes and No). The book was so named for its “Yes” and “No” answers from the teachings of the Church Fathers to such questions as: Is God one, or no? Are the flesh and blood of Christ in very truth and essence present in the sacrament of the altar, or no? Then came a love affair with a pupil, Héloïse, the niece of a clergyman. Because marriage would interfere with his career, the lovers were married secretly. Their secret was discovered, however, Abelard was attacked and castrated, and the couple was forced to part. Abelard's habit of challenging his colleagues irritated them, and they attacked his doctrines, particularly his thesis that nothing should be accepted unless it could be proved. They claimed that religious faith should come first. Bernard of Clairvaux (later St. Bernard), his most bitter opponent, finally convinced the church to condemn a number of his teachings. Abelard then retired to the Benedictine monastery at Cluny. The noble character of Héloïse, who for some 40 years was a nun, is shown in her letters to Abelard. Abelard died in 1142. When Héloïse died, in 1164, she was buried at his side. |